点人溯事 · 历史人物生平行迹专题（第 2 / 7 篇）
张骞凿空西域行迹（前138年 — 前126年 · 西汉建元三年至元朔三年）
Zhang Qian's Mission to the Western Regions (138 BCE – 126 BCE · Western Han)
时代跨度：前138年 — 前126年 · 西汉建元三年至元朔三年
途经站点：共 9 站
起点 → 终点：长安 → 长安
全线途经古今地名：长安（今陕西西安） → 陇西（今甘肃临洮） → 姑臧（今甘肃武威） → 焉耆（今新疆焉耆） → 大宛贰师城（今费尔干纳盆地） → 康居（今锡尔河中游） → 大月氏蓝氏城（今阿富汗巴尔赫） → 于阗（今新疆和田） → 长安（今陕西西安）。
Route Stops: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi) → Longxi (Lintao, Gansu) → Guzang (Wuwei, Gansu) → Yanqi (Yanqi, Xinjiang) → Dayuan (Fergana Valley) → Kangju (Tashkent / Samarkand region) → Great Yuezhi & Daxia (Balkh, Afghanistan) → Khotan (Hotan, Xinjiang) → Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi).
张骞凿空西域行迹 · 逐站时空坐标、古今地名与史料诗词详解（9 站）
汉武帝欲联大月氏共击匈奴，张骞以郎应募，偕堂邑氏胡奴甘父率百余人自长安西行。
Seeking an alliance with the Great Yuezhi against the Xiongnu, Zhang Qian volunteered and departed Chang’an with Ganfu and a hundred men.
《史记·大宛列传》：“骞以郎应募，使月氏，与堂邑氏胡奴甘父俱出陇西。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Zhang Qian volunteered as a palace attendant to go as envoy to the Yuezhi, departing Longxi with Ganfu."
自陇西郡出塞西渡黄河，踏入匈奴控扼的河西走廊，由此西去万里皆属未知绝域。
Crossing the Han frontier at Longxi Commandery into the Xiongnu-held Hexi Corridor toward the uncharted Western Regions.
《汉书·张骞传》：“出陇西，径匈奴，匈奴得之。”Book of Han: "Departing Longxi, he passed through Xiongnu territory and was captured."
途经河西为匈奴骑兵截获，羁留十余载娶妻生子，然始终“持汉节不失”，待机西奔。
Captured in the Hexi Corridor and detained over ten years by the Xiongnu Chanyu, Zhang Qian never relinquished his Han imperial tally.
《史记·大宛列传》：“留骞十余岁，予妻，有子，然骞持汉节不失。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Detained over ten years and given a wife and son, yet Zhang Qian kept his Han imperial staff unblemished."
趁匈奴监管渐宽与甘父乘隙逃脱，循天山南麓绿洲昼夜西驰数十日，经焉耆、龟兹诸国。
When Xiongnu surveillance eased, Zhang Qian and Ganfu escaped westward for dozens of days along the northern Tarim oases.
《史记·大宛列传》：“居匈奴中，益宽，骞因与其属亡乡月氏，西走数十日。”Records of the Grand Historian: "When surveillance eased, Zhang Qian fled with his men toward the Yuezhi, riding west for dozens of days."
翻越葱岭抵盛产汗血马的大宛国，大宛王久慕汉朝饶财，欣喜派导驿护送其赴康居。
Crossing the Pamirs into Fergana (Dayuan), whose king welcomed Zhang Qian warmly and provided guides to escort him to Kangju.
《史记·大宛列传》：“大宛闻汉之饶财，欲通不得，见骞，喜……为发导驿抵康居。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Dayuan had heard of Han wealth and rejoiced at meeting Zhang Qian, dispatching post-guides to escort him to Kangju."
由大宛导驿护送至康居国，再由康居王庭遣骑护送南下妫水（阿姆河）大月氏王庭。
Escorted through Kangju between the Syr Darya and Zeravshan rivers, and relayed southward toward the Great Yuezhi on the Oxus.
《史记·大宛列传》：“抵康居，康居传致大月氏。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Reaching Kangju, he was relayed onward to the Great Yuezhi."
大月氏已臣服大夏、安居阿姆河无意东还；张骞驻留岁余，详考大夏、安息、身毒及蜀布商路。
In fertile Bactria the Yuezhi no longer wished to fight the Xiongnu; staying a year, Zhang Qian documented Parthia, India, and trade routes.
《史记·大宛列传》：“留岁余，还，并南山，欲从羌中归。”Records of the Grand Historian: "After staying over a year, he headed back along the Southern Mountains to return through Qiang lands."
返程避北道改循昆仑北麓西域南道，经莎车、于阗、楼兰欲从羌中归汉，复为匈奴游骑所得。
Returning along the Kunlun foothills via Yarkand and Khotan to avoid northern Xiongnu patrols, he was captured once again.
《史记·大宛列传》：“并南山，欲从羌中归，复为匈奴所得。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Skirting the Southern Mountains to return via Qiang territory, he was captured once more by the Xiongnu."
趁军臣单于死、匈奴内乱偕胡妻及甘父逃归长安；十三载百余人唯二人还，封博望侯，史称“凿空”。
Amid Xiongnu turmoil in 126 BCE, Zhang Qian escaped back to Chang’an with Ganfu—two survivors of a hundred—opening the Silk Road.
《史记·大宛列传》：“初行时百余人，去十三岁，唯二人得还。”Records of the Grand Historian: "Of over a hundred men who set out, after thirteen years only two returned."